|
The following are relevant portions of the Faculty
Manual (as of April 1st, 2004) related to WSU intellectual property
policy:
F. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
1. Introduction
a.) Intellectual property is the inherent value produced by human
creativity and invention, protected by law from unauthorized exploitation
by others, and includes patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other
proprietary information.
b.) The University's patent and copyright policies are intended to
encourage a healthy atmosphere conducive to research and development
through a system of rewards and incentives for the creation of
intellectual property while at the same time giving proper consideration
to the responsibilities that the University has as a public land-grant
university.
c.) The strength of the University lies in its employees. The
University's policies can provide invaluable assistance in bringing
employee ideas to development and fruition within a framework of mutual
trust and collegiality.
d.) These policies are intended to spell out the responsibilities of
the University and its employees and establish a framework for ethical
conduct. While employees are encouraged to consider the potential market
value of their inventions, they shall not be held liable for failing to
recognize a potentially patentable invention. Nothing in this policy shall
be construed as abridging a faculty members’ academic freedom in the
classroom.
e.) Employees of Washington State University may create copyrightable
works and patentable discoveries. It is desirable in the public interest
in some cases to seek University intellectual property protection for
these works and discoveries. Commercialization through licensing the use
of the property provides an opportunity for both income to the inventor
and support for further University research and scholarship.
f.) This Intellectual Property Policy applies to all University
Employees. For the Purposes of this Intellectual Property Policy, “Employee”
shall be defined as any person receiving compensation for service, or any
person volunteering services for the benefit of the University. Employees
shall include, but not be limited to, faculty, administrative and
professional personnel, classified staff, research fellows, staff
assistants, and all other student employees. “Faculty” shall be
defined as permanent and temporary teaching, research, service, extension,
library, or student affairs appointment faculty, graduate teaching and
research assistants, visiting scientists, and postdoctural researchers.
The uncompensated activities of students in furtherance of their education
shall not be considered service that benefits the University within the
meaning of this policy unless an agreement exists to the contrary.
g.) All employees accept the terms of these policies as conditions of
employment or gratis association. Employees shall agree to execute an
assignment of their future patentable works and discoveries to the
University. These policies may be modified by the administration with
approval from the Board of Regents after consulting with faculty and staff
of the University.
2. Applicable Laws
a.) Federal law governs the creation of intellectual property. The
United States Constitution, Article III, Section 8, gives to Congress, in
order "to promote the progress of science and the useful arts,
"the power to grant, for limited periods of time, to authors and
inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and
discoveries." The Copyright Act, in Title 17 of the United States
Code, sets out the requirements by which an author of literary, artistic,
and similar works may obtain copyright protection, and provides that in
the case of a “work made for hire,” the employer is the author for
copyright purposes. 17 U.S.C. § 201(b). The Patent Act, in Title 35 of
the United States Code, sets out the requirements by which inventors of
new and useful processes, machines, manufactures, or compositions of
matter may obtain patent protection.
b.) The Washington State Ethics Law (Ethics Law), RCW 42.52, and the
rules promulgated pursuant to the law, restrict the use of state resources
for private purposes, and state employees are individually responsible for
complying with this law. For Ethics Law purposes as it relates to this
Policy, state employees are defined as all faculty, staff, and students
employed by the University. The Ethics Law provides that "No state
officer or state employee may employ or use any person, money, or property
under the officer's or employee's official control or direction, or in his
or her official custody, for the private benefit or gain of the officer,
employee, or another." RCW 42.52.160. However, the Ethics Law allows
state officers and employees to receive "honoraria" if
"authorized by the agency where they serve." Honoraria is
defined in the Ethics Law to mean “money or thing of value offered to a
state officer or state employee for a speech, appearance, article, or
similar item or activity in connection with the state officer’s or state
employee’s official role.” RCW 42.52.010(11).
c.) Consistent with the Ethics Law, this Policy authorizes University
employees, under defined circumstances, to retain ownership to certain
intellectual property created with University resources. Additionally,
this Policy authorizes University employees to receive royalty payments
from commercialization of certain University-owned intellectual property
that they created.
3. Intellectual Property Committee
a.) The Intellectual Property Committee serves as an advisory committee
to the Vice Provost for Research on all University intellectual property
(i.e., patent, copyright, trademark, and proprietary information)
especially with regard to University policy on these matters. All members
of the Committee shall hold confidential all matters coming before the
Committee regarding specific intellectual property.
b.) The composition and tenure of the Intellectual Property Committee
shall be:
(1) Six faculty with three-year terms, one of who will be appointed
chair. The Faculty Senate may suggest faculty members to be considered by
the President.
(2) Two Deans or Associate Deans of the colleges for three-year terms.
(3) One member of the administrative and professional personnel or
staff, with a three-year term.
(4) Director of OIPA who serves as secretary to the Committee. Director
of the Office of Grant and Research Development. Both Directors act as ex
officio members to the committee.
c.) The quorum required for voting at a committee meeting must be no
fewer than five voting members; three of whom must be faculty.
4. Office of Intellectual Property Administration
a.) The Office of Intellectual Property Administration (OIPA) (http//
www.wsu.edu/~oipa ) serves the University and its employees by promoting
the transfer of technologies, encouraging the disclosure of intellectual
property, conducting preliminary reviews of commercial potential of
invention disclosures, and recommending copyright and patent protection
and licensing to the Washington State University Research Foundation (WSURF).
OIPA works closely with the WSURF, a private non-profit organization
responsible for the commercialization and licensing of inventions and
other University intellectual property. In association with the WSURF,
OIPA monitors invention disclosures, patent status, license agreements,
marketing efforts, federal reporting, and royalty income. The professional
staff includes the Executive Director, Program Support Supervisor, and
Technology Licensing Associate(s).
G Patent Policy
An invention may be a design, process, code, biological material, or
device that shows novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. A patent is a
contract between the inventor and the government to allow the inventor
exclusive rights to make, sell, or use the invention for a definite period
of time (generally 20 years from the filing date). Plant Variety
Protection, international Plant Variety Rights, and international patents
are other forms of invention protection. Transfer of biological material,
software source code, or proprietary information may be protected through
confidentiality agreements. For further information about patents, refer
to the U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office at http://www.uspto.gov/.
1. Scope of Policy.
a.) This policy applies to potentially patentable discoveries and
proprietary information which are developed using Washington State
University equipment, supplies, facilities, employee time, or proprietary
information, or which relate directly to the University's business,
research, or development. The University will be assigned ownership in
patents and other tangible research property developed by its employees as
a result of their University research or employment. The University does
not claim rights in inventions for which no equipment, supplies,
facilities or proprietary information was used and which was developed
entirely on the employee's own time.
2. Sponsored Research.
a.) Where the invention has been developed through research sponsored
by a grant or contract with the federal government (or its agencies), it
must be reported to the agency and the agency joins the University to
determine distribution of the rights in the invention, to determine if
patent prosecution should be sought, and how the patent should be
administered or disposed of in the public interest. The WSU Office of
Grant and Research Development (OGRD) is responsible for the submission
and acceptance of sponsored projects to the University. For further
information, you may refer to OGRD’s home page at http://www.ogrd.wsu.edu/
.
b.) Where private industry or foundations have sponsored research,
licensing of patents or other intellectual property shall be negotiated
between the sponsor and the University, or its agent where appropriate.
The University will strive to protect the financial interests of all and
ensure that the University retains the traditions of self-governance and
academic freedom. The University, on behalf of its constituent colleges,
schools, or departments, will not accept grants or enter into agreements
for the support of instruction or research that confer upon an external
party the power to censor, unduly delay, or exercise effective veto power
over either the content of instruction or the publication of research.
Publication of research findings may temporarily be delayed in order to
protect patent rights or permit the research sponsor to review the
proposed publication for the sole purpose of identifying proprietary
information furnished by or belonging to the sponsor.
c.) The University normally retains ownership of property developed
under sponsorship agreements and will negotiate rights to license the
property. The proprietary rights of the University and of the University's
employees shall be subject to the agreement between the sponsor and the
University. Agreements with outside sponsors shall be approved by the Vice
Provost for Research or his or her designees.
3. Disclosure of Potentially Patentable Discoveries.
a.) Prior to employment by the University and for the protection of the
employee's interests at the time of employment, each new employee shall
disclose to OIPA all inventions previously developed or being developed by
the employee for the purpose of establishing his or her ownership rights
to developments made.
b.) While employed at the University, employees shall disclose
patentable inventions and discoveries to OIPA for review. The Executive
Director of OIPA will provide assistance in filling out forms for
disclosure. Invention Disclosure forms may be found at http://www.wsu.edu/~oipa/agreements.htm
4. Patent Ownership.
a.) The University shall own the rights to all patentable property and
other tangible research and scholarship developed as a result of
University employment, or when the equipment, supplies, facilities,
employee time or proprietary information of the University are used. After
the employee terminates his or her Washington State University employment
and is re-employed elsewhere, the University retains ownership of
subsequent inventions where the invention is a direct outgrowth of the
University's business or University research and development.
b.) Under the federal patent and trademark legislation of 1980 (35
U.S.C. § 200 et seq.), the University has the right of first refusal to
title in inventions made in the performance of federal grants and
contracts. The University will assert title to and attempt to license
inventions made with federal government funds so that the Congressional
purpose of fostering the development of industry in the United States will
be furthered.
c.) For any patentable inventions and other discoveries in which the
University, its assignee, or a sponsor has an interest, the employee shall
execute promptly all assignments, waivers, and other legal documents
necessary to vest in the University, its assignee, or the sponsor any and
all rights to the invention, including assignment of any patents or patent
applications.
5. Patent Ownership Appeals.
a.) If there is a question of ownership, OIPA will determine whether
the potentially patentable property is owned by the University, by the
employee, jointly by the University and the employee, or by an outside
sponsor. The Office may determine that the employee or sponsor is a
partial owner of the intellectual property with the University in cases
where it would be unfair to determine that the property is wholly owned by
the University, e.g., when an employee disclosed enabling discoveries that
occurred before employment with the University or when the sponsor’s
employees have contributed to the invention. In such cases, OIPA shall
notify the previous employer (if any) and negotiate percentages of
respective ownership. If OIPA deems it to be in the best interests of the
University to release its rights to the invention, it may do so.
b.) When a question of ownership arises, the procedure for
determination of ownership shall be as follows. OIPA shall make its
determination of ownership, or request additional time, within 45 business
days of full disclosure. If OIPA asks for additional time, it must, in any
event, make its determination within 35 business days of its request for
additional time. The employee will be notified of OIPA’s decision within
5 business days of its determination. The employee shall have 30 business
days from the date of OIPA’s mailing of the notice of the determination
of ownership to appeal the decision to the Vice Provost for Research. If
the Vice Provost for Research cannot resolve determination of ownership
within 5 business days of the appeal, the appeal shall be heard by the
Intellectual Property Committee within 20 business days of the notice of
the appeal. The Intellectual Property Committee will make its
recommendation to the Vice Provost for Research. The decision on appeal
shall be issued within 30 business days of the deadline for submitting
material. If OIPA fails to notify the employee in writing of determination
of ownership within 50 business days of full disclosure or 80 business
days if additional time is requested, then the University's rights in the
patentable property shall automatically become the property of the
employee or sponsor.
c.) Following this internal appeal process, the employee will have
recourse to settle ownership by binding arbitration administered by the
American Arbitration Association (AAA) under AAA Patent Arbitration Rules.
The employee shall file his or her claim with any Washington office of the
AAA within 60 business days of the Vice Provost’s decision, and provide
a copy of such claim to OIPA within the same period of time. Costs of the
arbitration shall be shared equally by the parties.
d.) After the determination by OIPA and exhaustion of the employee's
right of internal and external appeal, the employee shall execute
documents of assignment to convey to the University, its assignee, or the
sponsor all of the employee's interest in the invention determined to be
owned by the University, its assignee or the sponsor and assist in
obtaining, protecting, and maintaining patent rights.
e.) In the event an appeal results in ownership by the employee, the
University shall formally release all claims to the employee’s
invention.
6. Publication and Disclosure to Third Parties.
a.) Once an invention is identified as potentially patentable,
premature publication, public use, or disclosure of an invention can
jeopardize the rights of the employee, or the university or its assignee
to secure patent protection - particularly patent protection in other
countries. In close consultation with the employee inventor and for the
benefit of employee inventor, University, and possible Licensee, there
shall be no publicity or disclosure concerning the invention until patent
applications have been filed. OIPA shall act in a timely fashion in such
cases so as to not unreasonably delay employee publications. All
publicity, public reports, interviews, news releases, speeches, public
disclosures, or public demonstrations of the invention subsequent to the
filing of the application shall have prior clearance in writing from the
University or its assignee.
b.) This section shall not be applicable to sponsorship agreements that
impose different obligations on disclosure.
7. Management of Patents.
a.) The University will assign its interests in all patents and other
intellectual property to the WSURF for development. The assignment will
take place under the agreement between the University and the WSURF.
Copies of the agreement between the University and the WSURF may be
obtained from OIPA. If the agreement is terminated, the University shall
select a managing agent and execute the proper assignments to the agent.
b.) Patent protection prosecution and commercialization through
licensing are complex and expensive endeavors requiring active
participation by the inventors and the University over a period of 20
years after patent filing. The WSURF reserves the right to return the
invention to the University if commercialization is not possible. For
inventions that were enabled through sponsored research, the federal,
state, or private sponsoring agency must be notified and allowed the right
to patent the invention. If there was no enabling sponsored research, or
the sponsor or the University declines to pursue the invention, then the
invention rights will be returned to the inventor.
8. Division of Patent Royalties.
a.) All monetary proceeds from commercialization of University-owned
inventions are the property of the WSURF. The WSURF will collect and
distribute royalties, fees, equity interests, or dividends to inventors
and University in accordance with procedures established by the
University.
(1) The WSURF will deduct the costs of obtaining and maintaining legal
protection for each invention to arrive at “adjusted income.”
(2) The WSURF will deduct twenty percent (20%) from adjusted income and
the remainder will be “net income.” This deduction is directed toward
covering the expenses (excluding direct patent expenses) for administering
OIPA and provides initial funds for patent prosecution for other
inventions without obvious commercial partners.
(3) Distribute net income according to the following schedule.
Cumulative Net Income Inventor University
$1-$10,000 100%
$10,001 - $200,000 50% 50%
Above $200,000 25% 75%
4) With consideration to other University priorities and policies, the
University will distribute a portion of its share to the Office of the
Vice Provost for Research to be invested in further research and
technology efforts for the University and at least 20% of its share to be
split equally between the inventor's department and College (or relevant
branch campus when appropriate) for further research.
b.) Inventors, whose technology was previously assigned to the WSURF
for administration, will be given the one-time option of selecting the
above Division of Royalty policy over any pre-existing royalty policy.
c.) In the event of multiple inventors, the inventors will agree among
themselves as to the distribution of the income accruing to the inventors;
distribution of the inventors’ share shall be made only upon receipt of
a signed agreement among the inventors.
d.) The WSURF may negotiate, but shall not be obligated to negotiate,
for equity interests in lieu of or in addition to royalty and/or monetary
consideration as a part of an agreement relating to inventions or
Copyrighted Works. Neither the WSURF nor University acts as a fiduciary
for any person concerning equity nor other consideration received under
the terms of this regulation.
9. Public Released Agricultural Research Center Plant Varieties
a.) The research and development, patent or plant variety protection,
and public release of plant varieties requires the cooperation of the
plant breeder/breeder team, funding agency (USDA), Variety Release
Committees, WSU Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Washington State Crop
Improvement Association (WSCIA) or similar commodity groups, and OIPA. The
distribution of Research Fees and Royalties will follow this schedule:
b.) Seed Propagated Crops
(1) The WSURF will deduct the costs of obtaining and maintaining legal
protection for each plant variety.
(2) WSCIA typically collects a two percent (2%) management fee for its
services in producing and distributing seeds, and collection and
distribution of research fees.
(3) Seventy percent (70%) of the adjusted income will be distributed to
the Agricultural Research Center for enhancement of plant variety
programs.
(4) The remaining thirty percent (30%) of the adjusted income will be
distributed
10% to WSURF
10% to WSU-ARC
10% to plant breeder/breeder teams
c.) Vegetated propagated crops
(1) The WSURF will deduct the costs of obtaining and maintaining legal
protection for each plant variety.
(2) Fifty percent (50%) of the adjusted income will be distributed to
the Agricultural Research Center for enhancement of plant variety
programs.
(3) The remaining fifty percent (50%) will be distributed as follows:
10% to WSURF
10% to WSU-ARC
30% for breeder/breeder teams
H COPYRIGHT POLICY
The United States government grants a copyright to the author or
creator of original works of authorship. Copyrights for works created
after January 1, 1978, are granted for the term of the author’s life and
an additional 70 years. In the case of a work made for hire, the term of
the copyright is 95 years from the year of first publication or 120 years
from the year of creation, whichever expires first. The copyright allows
the author or persons assigned rights for the author to rightfully
withhold others from copying or using the works without permission. A
copyright is automatically secured when the work is created or “fixed”
in a tangible medium. No publication or registration or other action in
the Copyright Office is required; however, it is required that a copyright
be registered before a lawsuit is brought. Refer to the U.S. Copyright
Office at http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ for further information.
1. Copyright Policy Objectives.
a.) The University encourages the publication of scholarly works as an
inherent part of its educational mission. In this connection, it
acknowledges the right of faculty, staff, and students to prepare and
publish, through individual initiative, architectural designs, photographs
and slides, illustrations, computer software, multimedia presentations,
sound recordings, video productions, telecasts, music, grant proposals,
scholarly publications, and other material. The following statement of
University policy on ownership of copyrightable material is provided to
clarify the respective rights and responsibilities of individuals and the
University in this important area. OIPA will administer the policy.
2. Copyright Ownership.
a.) University Ownership of Copyrighted Works
(1) Work Made for Hire. Except as otherwise provided in the Employee
Ownership of Copyrighted Works section of this Policy, the University
shall own all copyrightable works that were created as a “work made for
hire.” “Work made for hire,” as defined by the Copyright Act,
includes (1) works prepared by University employees within the employee’s
scope of employment, or (2) works not created within the employee’s
scope of employment but that are specially commissioned by the University
pursuant to a written agreement that is signed by both the University and
the employee.
(3) Sponsored Agreements. The University shall have the right to
perform its obligations with respect to copyrightable works, data,
prototypes, and other intellectual property under any contract, grant, or
other arrangement with third parties, including sponsored research
agreements, license agreements, and the like. Employees shall assign all
rights to the University or as required by the sponsored agreement
necessary to facilitate obligations under grants and contracts.
(4) The Employee shall own copyrightable works unrelated to the
employee’s University employment responsibilities that are developed on
an employee’s own time and without University support or use of
University facilities.
b) Faculty Ownership of Copyrighted Works.
(1) The University shall not assert ownership in the following works
created by Faculty within the Faculty’s scope of employment, unless (1)
substantial kinds or amounts of University resources, as defined below,
were used to create the works; (2) the works are created pursuant to a
written agreement between the employee and the University; or (3) the
works are created pursuant to a third-party sponsored agreement, contract,
or grant, specifically allocating ownership rights to the University.
(a) scholarly material,
(b) educational material,
(c) art works,
(d) musical compositions, and
(e) dramatic and nondramatic literary works.
(2) Substantial University Resource Use Resulting in University
Ownership. The University shall assert an ownership interest for works
identified in the previous paragraph to which the University contributes
substantial kinds or amounts of resources. Each department or unit of the
University may publish, with the approval of the Provost, a description of
what constitutes substantial kinds or amounts of University resources. In
the event that a department or unit does not publish such a policy prior
to the creation of the works, substantial kinds or amounts of resources
shall mean the use of staff or clerical time other than peer review;
provision of university funding specifically for or in support of the
development of the work; not to include professional leave, and provision
of equipment, facilities, and supplies beyond that which is usually
provided for meeting employment obligation.
c.) Student Writings. Students employed by the University in any
capacity are covered by the terms of this policy. In addition, where a
student receives financial aid or remuneration under a sponsored research,
training, or fellowship program, his or her rights in copyrightable
material are limited by the terms of the University agreement with the
sponsoring agency. The University has no ownership rights in copyrightable
material developed by students who are not employees.
d.) Patentable Works. Some works, particularly certain types of
computer programs, may qualify for patent as well as copyright protection.
An author, upon recognizing that one of his or her works is of this kind,
is responsible for disclosing it to OIPA for a determination of (i)
ownership and (ii) whether the University wishes to seek patent protection
should ownership be vested in the University. OIPA, following the
procedures set out in the University’s patent policy, will make these
determinations. If ownership of such a work is vested in the University
under the patent policy, but the University decides not to protect the
work, ownership and disposition of the work is then determined in
accordance with this Policy. If Faculty wish to appeal OIPA’s or its
staff’s decisions, the procedure set out in section 6 of the Patent
Policy shall be followed.
3. Administration of the Copyright Policy
a.) Disclosure. Material subject to copyright and owned by the
University under the circumstances set forth in the Copyright Policy
should be promptly disclosed to OIPA.
b.) Determination of Ownership in Unclear Cases. Such determinations
will be made by OIPA and will follow the guidelines set out in this
Policy. Either the University or the author may initiate this review.
c.) Distribution of Royalties. See the Division of Copyright Royalties
section of this document.
d.) General Advice and Assistance. Contact the Washington State
University, Office of Intellectual Property Administration, WSU Research
and Technology Park, Pullman, WA 99164-1802, telephone (509) 335-5526.
4. Management of Copyrights.
a.) The University will either assign its copyright interests to WSURF
or retain ownership for development by other University publishing units,
e.g., Office of Publications and Printing, Educational Telecommunications
and Technology, Information Technology, or the Extended Degree Program.
For the WSURF the assignment will take place under the agreement between
the University and the WSURF. Copies of the agreement between the
University and the WSURF may be obtained from OIPA. If the agreement is
terminated, the University shall select a managing agent and execute the
proper assignments to the agent.
b.) Copyright registration is simple. Software commercialization
through sale or licensing may be complex and expensive requiring active
participation by the authors and the University. The WSURF reserves the
right to return the copyright to the University if commercialization is
not possible.
5. Division of Copyright Royalties.
a.) In cases where the University assigns its copyright interest to the
WSURF, all monetary proceeds from commercialization of University-owned
copyrighted works (often software) are the property of the WSURF. Often
the WSURF will collect and distribute royalties, fees, equity interests,
or dividends to authors and University in accordance with procedures
established by the University. The guidelines as follows will be used most
commonly, but the University reserves the right to adjust the distribution
of its share.
(1) The WSURF will deduct the costs of obtaining and maintaining legal
protection for each copyrighted work to arrive at “adjusted income.”
(2) The WSURF will deduct twenty percent (20%) from adjusted income.
This deduction is directed toward covering the expenses for administering
OIPA.
(3) If required by the University, the WSURF will first reimburse the
University for expenses in developing and distributing the copyrighted
work, e.g., distance learning courseware. The remaining income is the Net
Income.
(4) Copyright royalty income will be distributed as identified in
Patent Policy V. a.2.
b.) In the event of multiple authors, the authors will agree among
themselves as to the distribution of the income accruing to the authors;
distribution of the authors’ share shall be made only upon receipt of a
signed agreement between the authors.
c.) The WSURF may negotiate, but shall not be obligated to negotiate,
for equity interests in lieu of or in addition to royalty and/or monetary
consideration as a part of an agreement relating to Inventions or
Copyrightable Works. Neither the WSURF nor the University acts as a
fiduciary for any person concerning equity or other consideration received
under the terms of this regulation.
I. Trademarks
University trademarks include the names, designs, logos, and colors for
“Washington State University”, “WSU”, “Cougars”, “Go Cougs”,
“Ask Dr. Universe”, and others. Permission of the University is
required before use of these trademarks. Commercial use requires licensing
and payment of royalties. Royalty income from licensing of University and
Athletic marks is administered by the Washington State University
Foundation. The Trademarks Officer may be contacted through OIPA.
From time to time other University trademarks are registered for
software, plant varieties, or devices in conjunction with their patent or
copyright protection. These trademarks may generate royalty through
commercialization. Net royalty income received by the WSURF shall be
distributed according to the schedule used for Patents.
J. FACULTY INVOLVEMENT AND RESIDUAL RIGHTS IN FILMS, VIDEOTAPES, AND
OTHER INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA
Washington State University may transmit or reproduce by television,
radio, or other means, for local or general distribution, news and general
information programs prepared by Washington State University on which
faculty members have appeared. The negotiation of a contractual agreement
between the responsible faculty member(s) and the University is handled
through the Provost and Academic Vice President.
Nothing in this policy shall be construed as abridging a faculty
member's academic freedom in the classroom.
|