11. The Bhûtas are the spirits of ancestors; the sacrifice to the Bhûtas, called bhûta-yajña, is one of the five daily sacrifices required of a man in the second period (ashramas) of his life, the garhasthya or "householder" period. Two other sacrifices of the five daily sacrifices are mentioned here: the sacrifice to the gods (deva-yajña) and the sacrifice to the manes (pitr-yajña). The manes, or pitrs, are divine spirits that worship Brahma, the creating god, in paradise and sometimes assume human form.