(5)  What is the difference between information and facts?
These nouns (information and fact are both nouns) belong to different categories.  Fact is what is called a count noun; while information is what is called a mass or non-count noun.  Why should you care?  As it happens, in English, these two kinds of nouns cannot occur in all the same contexts.  Count nouns are called count nouns because they can be expressed with numbers in English.  So one can talk about one fact, two facts, three facts and so on.  Mass or non-count nouns cannot be counted, so one cannot talk about one information, two informations, three informations and be talking (or writing) native-like English.  The counting property is not the only property, though.  Only count nouns have plural forms (forms that indicate more than one referent), so while one can talk about facts, one can't talk about informations.
 
Moreover, when a count noun is singular, it must be accompanied by a word or phrase like the or a (the English articles),  every, some, any, which, what, no, that, this or a possessor (like my or Mary's or the reporter's), while a non-count noun does not have to be accompanied by one of those words or phrases.  So one can talk about facts or a fact or the fact or the reporter's fact, but not about fact.  One can, however, talk about information (or the information or the reporter's information), but not about informations (as noted above) or about an information.  (For people who like explanations, it is useful to remember that the English indefinite article a/an is descended from the number one and just as non-count nouns cannot be modified by numbers, they cannot be modified by a/an.)

It is worthwhile to realize that you will not be able to successfully predict which words are count and which are non-count based on what they mean.  First, nouns with very similar meanings seem to fall into different categories, not just information and fact, but rice and pea, furniture and chair, music and song.  Second, in the truly annoying way that characterizes human language, many nouns fall into both categories, nouns like melody, beauty, pizza, paper and truth all belong to both categories (often with slightly different meanings).  So one can talk about a melody (which refers to a specific set of notes) or melody (which refers to part of music characterized by sets of notes, as opposed to rhythm, for example) or a truth (meaning a true statement or an eternal verity) or truth (meaning the quality of being true).  So we can hold these truths to be self-evident or we can believe in the ultimate importance of truth.

Ultimately what does all this mean?
    (1)  To use a noun accurately, you need to know what category it belongs to in the sense in which you want to use it.  The category will typically determine whether you can use the noun in the plural or with a/an.  These apparently abstract categories have important effects on actual use.
    (2)  When you come across a new word in reading or in speech, you want to attend to its form and what precedes it.  Under some conditions, you will get the word in a context which tells you whether it is count or noncount in the use in which you encounter it and you can consciously attach that notion to the word.
    (3)  There will be many times when you come across a word in contexts in which you cannot tell whether the noun is count or non-count.  You will not typically be able to guess from the meaning of the word.  You need an authoritative source: look up the word in a good dictionary (for example, Longman's) or ask a native speaker of English who is familiar with the word.  (Notice that if you ask a native speaker, you can't just say "Is information a count noun or a non-count noun?"  You have to ask about the grammaticality of a test phrase, for example "Is informations okay in  I need more informations?")
   (4) Remember that some words belong to both categories, so make sure you have the right meaning associated with the noun in the particular category in which you want to use it.