XIII. Imperial Rome
A. Late Republic
| equestrian | Licinian-Sextian laws |
| Tribune | Tiberius Gracchus |
| populares | Gracchi | triumvirate |
| Gaius Gracchus | Optimates |
| Marius | Sulla | Jugurtha |
| Numidia | Cimbri | Teutons |
| Gnaeus Pompeius | (Pompey) |
| Cicero | Gaius Julius Caesar |
| Marcus Licinius Crassus | Carrhae |
| Gaul | Rubicon | Munda |
| Cassius | Brutus | Octavian |
| Marcus Antonius | Cleopatra |
| Lepidus | Philippi | Agrippa |
| Actium | Forum | Vesta |
| Titus | Castor & Pollux | Trajan |
| Coliseum | Septimus Severus |
B. Early Empire
| Principate | Pax Romana | Claudius |
| Nero | Tiberius | Caligula |
| Flavians | Vespasian | Domitian |
| Hadrian | Nerva | Antonius Pius |
| Marcus Aurelius |
C. Late Empire
| Commodus | Valerian | Diocletian |
| tetrarchy | Constantine | Istanbul |
| Bosporus | Byzantium | Theodosius |
| Visigoths | Romulus Augustulus |
| Odoacer | Agrippina | denaries |