XII. Roman Republic
A. Ancient Italy
| Etruscans | Tiber | Arno |
| Sabines | Oscans | Umbrians |
| Samnites |
B. Early Rome - Monarchy
| Aeneas | Romulus | Remus | Vesta |
| imperium | patriarchal | Cincinnatus |
| Patricians | Plebeians | Tarquin |
| Capitoline | sistams | centaurs |
C. Republic
| Comitia Curiata | Comitia Centuriata |
| Concilium plebis | Tribunes |
| consuls | Proconsuls | censors |
| tactica | maniples | Gauls |
| Sentinum | Punic | Phoenicia |
| Carthage | Messana | Hannibal |
| Barca | Saguntum | Tricinus |
| Trebia | Cannae | Zama |
| Quintus Fabius Maximus | Pidna |
| Scipio "Africanus" |
| Cynocephalae | Scipio Aemilianus |
| Seleucid | Antiochus | Magnesia |
| Apamia | Numantia | Cicero |
| Tacitus | Trajan | Spartacus |
| Ostia | Herculaneum | Philippi |
| Pompeii | pistrinum | Vetii |
| atrium | peristyle | Vesuvius |
| Latifundium (ia) |