| Visigoths | Abassid | Umayyad |
| Abd al-Rahman | Cordoba | Martel |
| Tours | Fatimid | Pyrenees |
| Charlemagne | Almanzo | Toledo |
| Almoravid | Marrakesh | Berbers |
| El Cid | Almohads | Nasrid |
| Granada | Alhambra | Boabdil |
B. Islamic Culture
| al-Kindu (Alkindius) | Sufi | |
| Ibn Sina (Avicenna) | Samarkand | |
| Ibn Rushd (Averroes) | Ulugh Beg | |
| Muhammad al-Ghazali | Tamerlane | |
| Abal-Ala (Avenzoar) | Seville | |
| Musabin Mayum (Maimonides) | ||
| Ibn Tulin | Ibn Quzman | rebec |
| Umar Khayyam | Rubaiyat | ganum |
| flamenco | stalactites | mihrab |
| Minbar | Roland | Marsile |
| Roncevaux(Roncevalles) | Durendal | |
| Saragossa |
C. Crusades - 1095-1250
| Seljuk | atabeg | Urban II |
| Clermont | Antioch | |
| Godfrey of Bouillon | Edessa | |
| Templar | Haitin | Acre |
| Bernard of Clairvaux | Barbarossa | |
| Salah ed-din (Saladin) | Innocent III |