XXXVIII. Pre-Columbian American
Civilizations
A. Ancient Civilizations - Formative
Period (1200 BC - AD 100)
| Bering | Olmecs | Mesoamerica |
| obsidian | monolithic | basalt |
| Vikings | Basques | Bretons |
| Tikal | pictographs | El Peten |
| Guatemala | Chiapas | Palenque |
| Bonampak | Chan-Muan | Chichen Itza |
B. Classic Period, c. 100-900 AD
| Yucatan | Teotihuacan | maize |
| Mayas | Pacal | homogeneity |
| Chan-Bahlum | Toltec | Quetzalcoatl |
| Tlaloc | Xochicalpo | (Morelos) |
| chac | Cholula | (Puebla) |
| El Tajin | (Vera Cruz) | Tezcatlipoca |
| Ce Acatl Topiltzin | Mitla | (Oaxaca) |
| Zapotecs | Mixtec | codex (codices) |
| Monte Alban | Tenochtitlan |
| Mendoza | Texcoco | Tlacopan |
| Migliabeechi | nahuatl |
C. Empire in America - Post-Classic
| Aztecs | Tenocha | Mexica |
| Chichimec | Nauhuatl | Moctezuma |
| mita | Tlaloc | Huitzilopochli |
| Tiahuanco | Bolivia | tume |
| Chimu | La Paz | Peru |
| Chanchan | Inca | Machu Picchu |
| Ecuador | quipu | Cuzco |
| poporo | pectoral | beakers |
| manto | Andes | El nino |
| Chavin | Moche | Titicaca |
| Pachacuti | Quito | Topa |
| Quechua | Aymara | Huayna Capac |
| Huari |