III. Counter-Reformation; Religious Wars
A. England
| Lollards | Tudor | Aragon |
| Bolyn | Wolsey | Cranmer |
| Convocation | Seymour |
B. France
| de Mˇdici | Bourbon | Valois |
| Condé | Guise | Montmorency |
| Châtillon | Huguenot | Coligny |
| Navarre | Bartholomew | Nantes |
| Ravaillac | Nantes |
C. Netherlands
| Lepanto | Nassau | Alva (Alba) |
| Westphalia | Ghent | Arras |
D. England again
E. Thirty Years War
| Palatinate | Bavaria |
| Gustavus Adolphus | Westphalia |
F. Intellectual Scene
| Blaise Pascal | Pensˇes | Hobbes |
| Baruch Spinoza | Renˇ Descartes |
| Leviathan | Locke | Copernicus |
| Ptolemy | Tycho Brahe | Bruno |
| Johannes Kepler | Bacon | Holbein |
| Galileo Galilei | heliocentric |
| scholasticism | empirical |