| Camillo Cavour | Victor Emmanuel II | |
| Piedmont | Guiseppe Mazzini | |
| Guiseppe Garibaldi | Magenta | |
| Solferino | Veneto | Palermo |
| Vatican | Villafranca |
B. Germany
| gross deutsch | klein deutsch | |
| Frankfurt | Otto von Bismarck | |
| Realpolitik | Schleswig-Holstein | |
| Prague | Koniggratz | Ems |
| Sedan | Hohenzollern | Alsace-Lorraine |
| Versailles | Reichstag | junker |
C. Habsburg Empire
| Franz Josef I | Reichsrat | Magyar |
| Ausgleich |
D. Russia
| zemstvos | Herzen | Cossacks |
| Vera Zasulich |